An interpretation of the translation of chapter 4 [pages 181-192] of Richard Lower’s famous book translated from the original Latin by N. Peters in 1739; a copy of this book [‘A Treatise of the Heart, of the motion and colour of the blood and of the passage of the Chyle’] is held in the library of the Royal College of Physicians in London.
The first chapter of this book [pages 1-26] titled ‘History of Blood Transfusion’ includes information relating not only to the historical background of transfusion but also includes information on the first blood transfusions experiments performed in England, France, Italy, Germany and Holland.
The ‘historical section’ of this book [pages 1-46] covers a large amount of information regarding transfusion in antiquity and pre-Harvarian history, the infusion and transfusion experiments performed on animals in England, Denis’s transfusions in France during the 17th century as well as Blundell’s research work, including the 19thcentury arguments for and against transfusion and the use of defibrinated blood.
A translation of the first two parts of this book [pages 2-112], the first of which includes pre-history information relating to transfusion followed by the history of transfusion broken down into three time periods, i.e. 1665 – 1668, 1668 – 1818 and 1818 – 1868 that includes ‘priority disputes’, Denis’s first two human transfusions and Blundell’s experiments. The second part collects together details of many of the published reports of transfusion performed between 1665 and 1868.
A translation of the first two time periods of the ‘Physiological History of Blood Transfusion’ section of Pierre Oré’s second book includes information relating to the time periods Antiquity – 1668 and 1668 – 1818, together with the first part of the third period ‘from 1818’, which includes a resume of Blundell’s and Dieffenbach’s experiments [pages 1-61].
A translation of the ‘Historical development of transfusion theory’ section of this book [pages 3-18] that provides information on the transfusions performed by Denis and Emmerez in France as well as the period after Blundell’s experiments, which includes historical events up to the year of the book’s publication.
The ‘history of transfusion’ sections of this book [pages 1-90] are presented in three time periods, i.e. ‘mythology, before the discovery of the circulation’, ‘the experimental period up to the end of the 18th century’ and the ‘practical or therapeutic period from the end of the 18th century’, which provide information on the history of transfusion, particularly in Italy, which include suggestions for a variety of alternative ‘priority claims’.
A translation of the first two chapters of this book [pages 1-27), the first of which, ‘Historical Introduction’, includes a variety of different pieces of information relating to the history of transfusion from antiquity, whilst the second chapter, ‘Transfusion with defibrinated blood’ includes information regarding the work performed in Germany by Muller, Dieffenbach and the author.
A translation of this 250 page book, which is one of the foremost references for historical information relating to blood transfusion (and infusion) experiments performed in England, France and Germany during the second half of the 17th century.
A translation of selected sections of Scheel’s second book that provide information about blood transfusion, including information about Italian and Dutch research (in addition to English and French) which is missing from his first volume.
The first section of this book [pages 1-46] includes a discussion of the possible origins of transfusion followed by information on the history of transfusion relating to three time periods, the ‘17th century’ (1665-1668), the ‘18th century’ (1669-1818) and the ‘19th century’ (1819- 1875) that provides information regarding the work performed in Italy as well as that in England, France and Germany.
As well as ‘historical background’ information to blood transfusion prior to the 19th century, chapter VI [pages 51-95] of this book provides a resume of the early research work performed after 1818, especially on the use of defibrinated blood and the temperature of transfused blood.
The ‘History of Transfusion’ section of this book [pages 7-17] includes somewhat disjointed information relating to what the author refers to as the three periods, i.e. mythological, application and experimental, of blood transfusion history. The translation also includes the first part of the next section of the book [pages 18-22] which contains a discussion of some of the pros and cons of using animal or human blood donors.
A translation of selected sections of this book that relate to transfusion (rather than infusion) includes a short review of Tietzel’s work in Germany, a review of the work on transfusion by Magendle, Prevost and Dumas in France, and the work performed by Blundell and colleagues in England.
This book, of over 150 pages, covers the history of blood transfusion from antiquity until the end of the 19th century, but does not unfortunately include any information regarding the development of blood transfusion during the early part of the 20th century.
Although given precedence in the title, the ‘history of transfusion’ section is included at the end of this book [pages 161-187] and in fact comprises a section of selected references of ‘Old Transfusion Literature’, some of which also include the authors own comments, followed by a list of ‘New Transfusion Literature’ of nearly 270 references, in published date order, from 1815 to 1872.
A translation of the preface, written by De La Chapelle, to the French edition of this book (which the English edition does not have) unexpectedly includes summaries and comments on a number of early transfusion experiments performed by different people in various countries as well as the methodology used to transfuse humans.
Chapter V [pages 122-216] of this book, that contains a variety of different subject topics, is titled ‘History of infusion and attempts to demonstrate the safe use of this operation’, which contains a large amount of historical information on early blood transfusions.
This 32 page booklet describes the methodology of blood transfusion used by Paolo Manfredi and the surgeon Bartolomeo Simoncelli, who on the 5th January 1668 transfused a man with lamb’s blood, which also includes comments intended to counter the accusations, controversy and debate that blood transfusion experiments had instigated in Rome, as it was to do in other parts of Europe, at that time.
This 32 page booklet describes the use of Roussel’s ‘transfuseur’ device for direct human to human blood transfusions by means of clinical reports / case studies, a summary of the results of 60 blood transfusions using his device together with ‘product endorsement’ comments by different people.
A translation comparison of the original French version of this letter, published as a monograph in Paris in 1667, with the English version of the same letter that was controversially published in the 23rd September 1667 edition of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Translations of four letters written by Jean Denis to Monsieur de Montmor during 1667 - 1668 which include information about his early animal (dog to dog and calf to dog) transfusions, the first two animal to human transfusions, as well as a description of the first transfusions given to Antoine Mauroy.
Translation of sections II and V of this book which although written in 1680, Folli claims to have demonstrated (or expressed the idea of) the methodology of blood transfusion as early as 1665, which includes a description of the equipment and methodology he devised for performing a vein-to-vein blood transfusion.
Translation of this book that is frequently quoted as being one of the foremost contemporary texts presenting arguments and reasons for opposing the introduction and use of blood transfusion, which was published in Italy the year after the first blood transfusion performed on a human by Jean Denis in France.
English translation of sixteen reports and articles that contain information regarding blood transfusion published in the Journal des sçavans during 1667 and 1668.
English translation of the ‘Transfusion’ entry in the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, published in France between 1751 and 1772; edited by Denis Diderot and co-edited (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d’Alembert. The entry is believed to have been written by Jean-Joseph Ménuret in 1751.
English translation of the original letter written on the 15th May 1668 by Jean Denis to Henry Oldenburg, editor of the Philosophical Transactions regarding the death of ‘Anthoine Mauroy’ and details of the subsequent ruling by the Chastelet court on the 17th April 1668.
English translation of the original letter written on the 2nd March 1668 by Jean Denis to Samuel Sorbiere regarding the ‘discovery’ of blood transfusion by Dom Robert de Gabets in July 1658, a comparison of the blood transfusion methods used in France by Denis and in Italy by Manfredi and the transfusion of a woman with paralysis.
English translation of the letter written by Claude Gadroys on the 8th August 1667 to l‘Abbe Bourdelot which comments on the arguments that Guillaume Lamy uses against the recently introduced practice of blood transfusion.
English translation of the (first) letter written on the 8th July 1667 by Guillaume Lamy to Professor Moreau that contains commenting on the letter by Jean Denis published on the 25th June 1667, which contains his arguments against the use of the new treatment of blood transfusion.
English translation of the (second) letter written on the 28th August 1667 by Guillaume Lamy to Professor Moreau that contains additional arguments against the use of the new treatment of blood transfusion.
English translation of the letter written on the 16th September 1667 by Gaspard de Gurye to l‘Abbe Bourdelot that provides his judgement on blood transfusion.
English translation of pages 137-148 inclusive of this book published in 1783, which contains historical information regarding early infusion experiments and the first human blood transfusions performed on Arthur Coga in England and Antoine Mauroy in France.
English translation of this monograph, published in 1780 that includes details of Belina’s transfusion equipment using defibrinated blood and his views on how blood transfusion should be performed.
English translation of a letter that contains comments on the contents of three letters written by Jean Denis, Guillaume Lamy and Claude Gadroys that relate to the early human transfusions performed in Paris by Jean Denis.
English translation of a letter written by La Martinière on the 11th May 1668 to Jean Denis regarding the blood transfusions he had performed prior to the ruling by the Chastelet in Paris on the 17th April 1668.
This 15 page monograph ‘The Discovery of Blood Transfusion claimed by Italy’ was published in 1871 and, as the title identifies, contains assertions by the author of priority for Italian researchers regarding the discovery of transfusion, but also includes information regarding their work.
The ‘Transfusion’ entry of this 1839 medical dictionary contains three sections written by different authors; the first includes information about Jean Denis and James Blundell, the second concentrates on the work of other researchers, especially Italian, whilst the third presents information on three selected publications.
This monograph published in the magazine Giornale de’ Letterati (believed to be by its editor) brings together a variety of different pieces of information on blood transfusion by authors from England, France and Italy that were published in 1668 in a number of different journals.
This 17 page monograph on the use of animal, principally lamb, blood for transfusion to humans, was written in 1874 when it was believed that the major reason for not transfusing animal blood into humans was the larger size of the animal’s red cells compared with human red cells. It provides information not only on the author’s work but also that of Oscar Hasse and Joseph Roussel.
This transcription of a speech given by the author on 2nd August 1883 discusses what he identifies as being historical conflicts, misunderstandings and missed opportunities for medical advancement related to blood transfusion together with ‘selective’ evidence that was placed on different clinical outcomes related to animal transfusions.
This paper published in 1829 summarises the results of the author’s research into various aspects of blood transfusion presented in a series of sub-headings, which clearly identifies for example the problems associated with cross-species blood transfusions and the detrimental effects of storage on blood prior to indirect transfusion.
The transfusion section of this military surgical technology handbook published in 1877 describes an illustrated step-by-step detailed procedural guide for performing an indirect blood transfusion using defibrinated-filtered human blood, which includes practical details of the defibrination process and the actual transfusion procedure.
This essentially practically orientated wide ranging 164 page book published in Paris in 1869 includes a ‘selective’ historical section, a variety of physiological as well as practical considerations relating to blood transfusion that includes an extensive set of tables containing the details of 192 blood transfusion events collected together by the author.
The transfusion section of this manual of surgical techniques published in 1889 principally describes the practicalities of indirect transfusion using defibrinated human blood that includes a description of the use of different blood infusion devices; but the author also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both whole blood and defibrinated blood transfusions.
Dr. Oré’s thesis for the Doctorate in Natural Sciences defended on the 28th December 1865, is separated into three parts; the first describes (and illustrates) the different devices used to perform a blood transfusion, the second summarises his experiments on whole blood and ‘blood constituents’ and the third is an appraisal of the action of fibrin in relation to coagulation and the use of defibrinated blood.
In this paper, published in 1852 (in two parts), the author discusses his work with regard to trying to establish the operating conditions, safety and indications for the use of blood transfusion, the role of fibrin and its effects during an indirect blood transfusion procedure, concluding with a summary of a number of published reports by other authors of the transfusion to humans using both animal and human blood (published after his monograph).
In this lavishly illustrated paper, published in 1884 in six separate parts, Joseph Roussel discusses the essential instability of blood and the conditions it imposes principally in relation to the role of fibrin, a critical review of various transfusion instruments used for direct and indirect transfusion and identifies the criteria necessary for an effective, safe and practical device for the direct transfusion of whole human venous blood.
Roussel’s second paper (with the same title) published in 1884 in two parts (in the same journal)) describes the clinical features and observable effects seen in patients during and following a blood transfusion, as well as giving the details of various examples of blood transfusions that he has performed in patients with different clinical conditions.
In this short paper published in 1924 the author identifies that he knows about and has used ABO grouping of the patient and donor to ensure ‘matching’ prior to transfusion but states that this is not 100% accurate and that he prefers the use of an initial small volume (vein-to-vein) transfusion to assess ‘clinical compatibility’.
This 72 page monograph details the experimental work performed on animals in an attempt to understand the effects of transfusion in anaemia and artificial inanition and the use of ‘depletory transfusion’ (i.e. bleeding and then transfusing) in experimental poisoning by CO2, CO and other chemicals, together with the methodology for the injection of defibrinated blood.
This lengthy (83 page) paper published in two parts provides extensive details of Panum’s experimental research on animals into aspects of transfusion, including the clotting of donor blood, defibrination effects and the use of different species as blood donors, but also includes details of some of the other earlier experimental work of Lower, Denis and others.
This paper documents the first attempt to scientifically investigate the potential fate of lamb red cells used in an animal-to-human transfusion, by means of the microscopic examination of blood samples from a patient who has died following such a transfusion.
This is a review article commenting on E. Ponfick and J. Bamberg’s paper published in 1875 regarding the fate of animal red cells in the human circulation that questions the use of animal blood for transfusion to humans.
This dissertation, published in 1869 includes sections on the history of transfusion, the indirect transfusion of human defibrinated blood by syringe and the indications for its use, as well as commenting adversely on the capillary blood transfusion method of Franz Gesellius.
This chapter of his book ‘Operative Surgery’ on blood transfusion contains a brief history of the first human transfusions, his own experiences of transfusing patients with rabies and cholera as well as practical comments on performing an indirect transfusion.
This paper provides an unbiased evaluation of Dr. J. Roussel’s ‘Transfuseur hermetique’ apparatus for performing a blood transfusion that includes a number of practical aspects regarding how to use it, together with an assessment of the use of both animal arterial and human venous whole blood.
This paper, published in 12 separate parts, includes an historical summary, information regarding early transfusions in England, France and Italy as well as more recent research of the physiological effects related to blood transfusion and use of transfusion in poisonings, concluding with comments of the practical aspects of transfusion.
This well written paper, in three parts, provides a thoughtful, well argued and balanced presentation of two of the most controversial aspects of blood transfusion of the period, i.e. the usability of defibrinated blood compared with non-defibrinated (whole) blood and the use of animal blood for transfusion to humans.
This short section on transfusion from the book ‘Manuel de Chirurgie de Guerre’ includes a surprising amount of detail regarding both human venous and animal arterial blood transfusion methods and the expected post-transfusion symptoms.
This paper includes not only the author’s comments on his own research but a large part of this paper refers to the various aspects of research performed by other people into the different development aspects of blood transfusion.
This monograph provides not only a summary of Polli’s own research on transfusing animals and humans but also provides summaries of other published work on transfusing animal and human blood to human recipients, so as to provide evidence of the safety, operating conditions (of defibrinated blood) and indications for the use of blood transfusion.
This 49 page ‘brochure’, is essentially an advertisement document for the author’s ‘capillary blood transfuser’ and associated equipment, that he designed to collect capillary blood by puncturing the back or the thigh of the donor with 19 spring loaded ‘sharp knives’
The author of this book comprehensively covers the transfusion of women who have recently delivered and are bleeding to death and includes a tabulated summary of 57 such cases together with the author’s method of performing a transfusion.
Whilst including some relevant historical information on the development of blood transfusion, this 76 page monograph concentrates on the physiological and practical aspects of the use of defibrinated blood for transfusion.
This short section on blood transfusion included in the book ‘Report on the Progress of Surgery’, edited by Denonvilliers, Nélaton, Velpur, Guyon and Labbe, gives an interesting non-committal number of comments that are unfortunately lacking in detail.
The ‘Transfusion’ section of the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences (Edited by G. Masson) that is written by Louis Menard includes summary information on its history, experimental research performed in the 19th century and the equipment and methods used to perform a blood transfusion.
This MD Thesis, submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Portugal, which as the title suggests, provides summary information relating to the history of transfusion events from 1492 that includes the methodology for (ABO) blood grouping donors and recipients, as well as donor selection criteria current in 1922.
A translation of the first part of this paper ‘Contributions to blood transfusion’ is titled ‘Blood transfer in the period before the discovery of the circulation’ in which the author concentrates on the events from ancient times relating to the beliefs surrounding blood and the descriptions of its ‘transfer’ for medicinal uses.
This section from the ‘New Dictionary of Practical Medicine and Surgery’ is a comprehensive (64-page) summary of blood transfusion information / research from 1820 that includes the indications, contraindications, complications, accidents and the performance of transfusions.
This ten part review article, which is one of the most insightful and well balanced reviews of blood transfusion written in the 19th century, accurately documents and summaries the information regarding blood and blood transfusion known at that time.
As the title identifies, this paper discusses the various, sometimes obscure, historical claims by different people who have been quoted as being the first to suggest blood transfusion as an operation and provides details of the early transfusion work performed in Italy.
The author provides comments on historical aspects of the historical ‘elixir’ beliefs regarding blood and relates them to early attitudes towards blood transfusion, discusses examples of uterine haemorrhage treatment by transfusion and provides details of his own transfusion device.
The somewhat loose use of language and inclusion of incorrect statements is an annoying aspect of the sometimes rambling text in which Muynck credits Libavius with being the first person to describe the idea of blood transfusion and which concludes with an illustrated description of Blundell’s Gravitator transfusion device.
This paper describes and illustrates a direct transfusion device devised by the author, used for transfusing arterial sheep blood into a man and in which the author goes on to argue for it to be used to perform direct artery to artery transfusions in humans.
As the title identifies, this is Joseph Roussel’s response to Dr. Schliep’s paper in which he states that he would never use an artery to artery direct method in human transfusions and would only use animal blood in emergencies when a human blood donor was not available.
This short dictionary entry for ‘transfusion’ describes the direct animal artery to human vein transfusion method of Emmerets and includes the comments that it is ‘condemned by law’ and that it has ‘fallen into oblivion having been in vogue’, but has been included due to its ‘noisy history’.
Rather than the historical development of blood transfusion the author concentrates on the more recent developments, identifying and discussing where transfusion should be used, the use of animal or human blood donors and the types and reasons for the reactions seen in patients after a blood transfusion.
This paper provides a description of a direct transfusion method of lamb’s blood to a woman suffering from anaemia due to metrorrhagia, together with comments regarding the equipment used.
In this short paper the author debates the use of blood transfusions in ‘treating’ mentally ill patients in Italy during the 19th century.
This dictionary entry provides an overview of the direct transfusion procedure used in Paris by Denis and Emmerets on a madman and the effective subsequent banning of transfusion, taking the view that transfusion was (and is) a foolhardy and dangerous procedure.
This short entry identifies that transfusion was only practically possible after the discovery of the circulation and that it mentions that the ‘court of Rome’ forbid transfusion, as well as the Paris judiciary making it illegal without the consent of the Paris Medical Faculty.
The notes of the 5th August 1863 meeting of the Société de Chirurgie that documents the discussion of the blood transfusion work by Mr. Oré, presented by Mr. Broca, which also includes the comments made by the members of the Society.
This is the author’s inaugural dissertation, the content of which is separated into four main topic areas, i.e. indications, methods, execution, appreciation and successes; during which he identifies the defibrination and transfusion techniques in detail as well as presenting evidence that the infusion of air into a peripheral vein is not fatal.